Understanding Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) is a serious condition that affects millions of women globally, yet it often goes unnoticed. While similar to Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), PMDD presents more severe emotional and physical symptoms that can be debilitating. With around 1.6% of women diagnosed, raising awareness is crucial.
In this article, we will delve into the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options for PMDD and highlight initiatives like International PMDD Awareness Month that aim to break the stigma and foster community support. Let’s work together to recognise and advocate for those dealing with PMDD.
What is PMDD?
It stands for premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and it's a pretty intense form of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Unlike regular PMS, which many people can relate to, PMDD can be a chronic, serious health issue that really deserves our attention.
Studies indicate that about 1.6% of women worldwide—roughly 31 million of us—qualify for this diagnosis (1). PMDD typically rears its head during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, which is that time between ovulation and when your period starts (2).
What does PMDD feel like?
It varies from person to person, but there are some telltale signs. In general, the symptoms are split into emotional and physical categories.
Emotional/Psychological Symptoms:
- Mood swings that feel like a rollercoaster
- Extreme fatigue or just feeling drained
- A diminished interest in things you usually love
- Anxiety or that constant tension lurking in the background
- Difficulty concentrating
- Irritability or anger that seems to come out of nowhere
- Feelings of depression
- Even thoughts of self-harm or suicide
Physical Symptoms:
- Bloating that makes you feel uncomfortable
- Tenderness in your breasts
- Headaches that just won’t quit
- Pain in your muscles or joints
(4)
What are the causes?
Now, here’s where it gets tricky: the exact causes of PMDD are still a bit of a mystery. Research suggests that it might relate to how our bodies react to hormonal changes throughout the menstrual cycle (2). There are some risk factors to keep in mind, too, like:
- Smoking: If you smoke, studies show you might be more likely to experience severe PMS symptoms, including PMDD (5).
- Trauma and Stress: Are there stressors in your life? A history of trauma or ongoing stress might put you at greater risk (5).
Diagnosis and Treatment
If you’re thinking, “I might have PMDD,” the best thing you can do is chat with your GP. The process usually involves keeping track of your symptoms over time, which can feel like you’re on a bit of a waiting game (5).
When you first meet with your doctor, they might suggest some lifestyle changes, like lowering your stress levels, cutting down on alcohol, or quitting smoking. Counselling or therapy can also be a huge help in managing your mental health.
When it comes to treatment, SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) are often the go-to option. Research shows that taking these during the luteal phase can really help manage PMDD. Some women also find that oral contraceptives can ease symptoms by regulating or stopping their periods, but results can vary widely, so it’s essential to find out what works best for you (5).
Talk to your GP and find out what works for you. PMDD is personal, and your treatment should be as well.
International PMDD Awareness Month
Did you know that every April is International PMDD Awareness Month? It’s a fantastic opportunity for us all to raise awareness and push for change. LimeLight is running an awesome campaign to make PMDD more visible and less stigmatized. They’re encouraging everyone to paint their ring fingernails lime green or wear a LimeLight pin—simple gestures that can start meaningful conversations.
So, how can you get involved?
Buy your LimeLight nail varnish or pin from Evelyn- all profits go to The PMDD Project.
Paint your ring fingernail lime green, or wear the LimeLight pin
Share a photo on social media using #PMDDLimeLight
Tag @WeAreEvelyn
This campaign is spearheaded by Kristina Goodsell, known from Married at First Sight UK, who’s a passionate advocate for PMDD and has experienced it herself. She says, “As someone who has personally battled PMDD, I know how isolating and misunderstood it can be. That’s why I’m honored to lead the LimeLight campaign—let’s bring visibility, support, and real change to those affected. Together, we can make PMDD unignorable.”
Join the movement, spread the word, and let’s work together to support those dealing with PMDD!
Resources
Talk to your GP/Psychologist
Talking Therapy
Mind:
Helpline 0300 102 1234
Samaritans:
Helpline: 116 123
Email: jo@samaritans.org
Text Shout to 85258, a free confidential service available 24/7
Papyrus UK have a 24/7 Hopeline, text 88247 or call 0800 068 4141
@thepmddproject on Instagram
@WeAreEvelyn
References:
Hantsoo, L., & Epperson, C. N. (2015). Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: Epidemiology and treatment. Current Psychiatry Reports, 17(11). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-015-0628-3
Hofmeister, S., & Bodden, S. (2016, August 1). Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. AAFP. https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0801/p236.html
Reilly, T. J., Patel, S., Unachukwu, I. C., Knox, C., Wilson, C. A., Craig, M. C., Schmalenberger, K. M., Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A., & Cullen, A. E. (2024). The prevalence of premenstrual dysphoric disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 349, 534–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.066
Tiranini, L., & Nappi, R. E. (2022). Recent advances in understanding/management of premenstrual dysphoric disorder/premenstrual syndrome. Faculty Reviews, 11. https://doi.org/10.12703/r/11-11
Mishra, S., Elliott, H., & Marwaha, R. (2023, February 19). Premenstrual dysphoric disorder. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532307/
Getting a PMDD Diagnosis. (n.d.). Mind. https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd/getting-a-pmdd-diagnosis/